Mitochondria, which are double-membrane organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, are responsible for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, and their structure and functions, including their cristae, matrix, and DNA, are closely linked to their role in energy metabolism and other cellular processes. Keep reading for more mitochondria – structure and functions revision. Mitochondria are bacteria-sized …
Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The location of the ribosomes in a cell determines what kind of protein it makes. If the ribosomes …
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. They are only present in photosynthetic cells like plant cells and algae. There are no chloroplasts in animal or bacterial cells. Structure of Chloroplasts Parts of Chloroplasts Functions of Chloroplast Read more about Adaptations for Photosynthesis Frequently Asked Questions What are chloroplasts? Chloroplasts are double-membrane bound organelles found only in …
The nucleus, which is the membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material in the form of chromatin and plays a key role in gene expression and DNA replication, has a complex structure consisting of the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin, each with specialized functions that are critical for cell growth, …
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells and is essential for maintaining cellular integrity, regulating the transport of molecules and ions in and out of the cell, and facilitating cell-to-cell communication and signaling. Keep reading for more detailed A-level Biology revision notes on Plasma Membrane – Structure and functions! Structure …
pH and buffers are crucial for maintaining the acid-base balance in biological systems, with buffers acting as a system to resist changes in pH by accepting or donating protons depending on the conditions, and pH being a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Keep reading for more detailed A-level Biology Revision! …
The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle, also known as the TCA cycle, is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, and plays a critical role in the generation of ATP by oxidizing acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is the second stage of cellular respiration. This cycle is …
When getting to know glycolysis steps, glycolysis is the first action in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase. Glycolysis is the sequence of 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the simultaneous production of ATP. The overall …
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. The term chromosome comes from the Greek words for color …
Introducing Genetics Terminology and Definitions Genetics terminology and definitions include concepts such as alleles, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive traits, inheritance patterns, genetic mutations, genetic linkage, and genetic diversity, which are crucial for understanding the genetic variation and inheritance in populations and individuals. Read more about Genome Engineering Gene: A segment of a DNA molecule …
